252.英文正文（252）

thegrammarofnewspeakhadtwooutstandingpeculiarities。***thefirstofthesewasanalmostcompleteinterchangeabilitybetweendifferentpartsofspeech。anywordinthelanguage（inprinciplethisappliedeventoveryabstractwordssuchasiforwhen）couldbeusedeitherasverb，noun，adjective，oradverb。betweentheverbandthenounform，whentheywereofthesameroot，therewasneveranyvariation，thisruleofitselfinvolvingthedestructionofmanyarchaicforms。thewordthought，forexample，didnotexistinnewspeak。itsplacewastakenbythink，whichdiddutyforbothnounandverb。noetymologicalprinciplewasfollowedhere：insomecasesitwastheoriginalnounthatwaschosenforretention，inothercasestheverb。evenwhereanounandverbofkindredmeaningwerenotetymologicallyconnected，oneorotherofthemwasfrequentlysuppressed。therewas，forexample，nosuchwordascut，itsmeaningbeingsufficientlycoveredbythenoun-verbknife。adjectiveswereformedbyaddingthesuffix-fultothenoun-verb，andadverbsbyadding-wise。thusforexample，speedfulmeant“rapid”andspeedwisemeant“quickly”。certainofourpresent-dayadjectives，suchasgood，strong，big，black，soft，wereretained，buttheirtotalnumberwasverysmall。therewaslittleneedforthem，sincealmostanyadjectivalmeaningcouldbearrivedatbyadding-fultoanoun-verb。noneofthenow-existingadverbswasretained，exceptforaveryfewalreadyendingin-wise：the-wiseterminationwasinvariable。thewordwell，forexample，wasreplacedbygoodwise。