250.英文正文（250）

appendix：theprinciplesofnewspeak。

newspeakwastheofficiallanguageofoceaniaandhadbeendevisedtomeettheideologicalneedsofingsoc，orenglishsocialism。intheyear1984therewasnotasyetanyonewhousednewspeakashissolemeansofcommunication，eitherinspeechorwriting。theleadingarticlesinwerewritteninit，butthiswasatourdeforcewhichcouldonlybecarriedoutbyaspecialist。itwasexpectedthatnewspeakwouldhavefinallysupersededoldspeak（orstandardenglish，asweshouldcallit）byabouttheyear2050。meanwhileitgainedgroundsteadily，allpartymemberstendingtousenewspeakwordsandgrammaticalconstructionsmoreandmoreintheireverydayspeech。theversioninusein1984，andembodiedintheninthandtentheditionsofthenewspeakdictionary，wasaprovisionalone，andcontainedmanysuperfluouswordsandarchaicformationswhichwereduetobesuppressedlater。itiswiththefinal，perfectedversion，asembodiedintheeleventheditionofthedictionary，thatweareconcernedhere。

thepurposeofnewspeakwasnotonlytoprovideamediumofexpressionfortheworld-viewandmentalhabitspropertothedevoteesofingsoc，buttomakeallothermodesofthoughtimpossible。itwasintendedthatwhennewspeakhadbeenadoptedonceandforallandoldspeakforgotten，ahereticalthought—thatis，athoughtdivergingfromtheprinciplesofingsoc—shouldbeliterallyunthinkable，atleastsofarasthoughtisdependentonwords。itsvocabularywassoconstructedastogiveexactandoftenverysubtleexpressiontoeverymeaningthatapartymembercouldproperlywishtoexpress，whileexcludingallothermeaningsandalsothepossibilityofarrivingatthembyindirectmethods。thiswasdonepartlybytheinventionofnewwords，butchieflybyeliminatingundesirablewordsandbystrippingsuchwordsasremainedofunorthodoxmeanings，andsofaraspossibleofallsecondarymeaningswhatever。togiveasingleexample。thewordfreestillexistedinnewspeak，butitcouldonlybeusedinsuchstatementsas“thisdogisfreefromlice”or“thisfieldisfreefromweeds”。itcouldnotbeusedinitsoldsenseof“politicallyfree”or“intellectuallyfree”sincepoliticalandintellectualfreedomnolongerexistedevenasconcepts，andwerethereforeofnecessitynameless。quiteapartfromthesuppressionofdefinitelyhereticalwords，reductionofvocabularywasregardedasanendinitself，andnowordthatcouldbedispensedwithwasallowedtosurvive。newspeakwasdesignednottoextendbuttodiminishtherangeofthought，andthispurposewasindirectlyassistedbycuttingthechoiceofwordsdowntoaminimum。